file with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development an instrument for the adoption of the agreement which states that the Ugandan government accepted the agreement and the terms in accordance with its law and that the concept was nevertheless controversial in the United States, where some business interests were uncomfortable with public ownership of private companies. [11] Nevertheless, in 1956, the International Finance Corporation was commissioned under Garner`s direction. Originally, it filled 12 people and $100 million (or $940 million in 2019) [12] in capital. The company made its first investment in 1957 by accounting for a loan of $2 million (or $18 million in 2019) [12] to a Brazilian subsidiary of Siemens & Halske (now Siemens AG). [3] IFC plays a treasury role by lending international capital to finance credit activities. It is usually one of the first institutions to issue bonds in emerging countries or to make swaps in the local currencies of these markets. IFC`s new international loans amounted to $8.8 billion in 2010 and $9.8 billion in 2011. [15] [16] IFC`s Ministry of Finance is actively engaged in liquidity management to maximize returns and ensure that funding for its investments is readily available, while managing risks for IFC. [31] * Associate Professor of International Law, Postgraduate School of International Cooperation Studies, Kobe University. [1] Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy) (Judgment) [2012] ICJ Rep 99, 123, para.

57 [2] See z.B. C Dominicé, “L`immunité de juridiction et d`exécution des organisations internationales” (1984) 187 Recueil des Cours de l`Académie de Droit International 145, 161; N Blokker, `International Organizations: The Untouchables?` in N Blokker, N Schrijver (Hrsg.), Immunität internationaler Organisationen (Brill 2015) 1, 2, 14. [3] E de Brabandere, “Immunity of International Organizations in Post-conflict International Administrations” (2010) 7 International Organizations L Rev 79, 87-88. [4] Jam et al gegen International Finance Corporation, U.S. Supreme Court (27. February 2019) Nr. 17-1011 am . [5] Siehe z.B. KE Boon, F Mégret, `New Approaches to the Accountability of International Organizations` (2019) 16 Intl Organizations L Rev 1. [6] A Viterbo, A Spagnolo, “Introduction: The US Supreme Court Decision in Jam v. International Finance Corporation” (2019) 13 Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 293, 295. [7] Jam et al v International Finance Corporation, Cour de district des États-Unis du district de Columbia (14 Février 2020) 1:15-CV-00612-JDB.

[8] The IFC was designated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as entitled to enjoy the privileges, exemptions and immunities granted by the IOIA. Décret n° 10680, 21 Fed Reg 7647 (2 October, 1956). [9] 22 U.S.C. §288a(b). [10] L Preuss, « Loi sur les immunités des organisations internationales » (1946) 40 AJIL 332, 333-334. [11] RB von Mehren, « The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 » (1978) 17 Colombia J Transnational L 33, 41-43. [12] 28 U.S.C. §1605(a)(2). [13] 22 U.S.C.

§288. [14] Atkinson v Inter-American Development Bank, Cour d`appel des États-Unis (DC Cir) (October 9, 1998) 156 F.3d 1335, 1341. [15] ibid. But see OSS Nokalva, Inc v European Space Agency, Cour d`appel des États-Unis (3e Cir) (16th Août 2010) 617 F.3d 756. [16] Jam et al gegen International Finance Corporation, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (24. März 2016) 1:15-CV-00612-JDB. [17] Jam et al gegen International Finance Corporation, United States Court of Appeals (DC Cir) (23.

Juni 2017) 860 F.3d 703. [18] Jam gegen IFC (Supreme Court) (n 4) 7. [19] ebd. [20] ebd. 10. . . .